中考物理基础知识（一）:机械运动和声现象 Basic Knowledge of Physics: Mechanical Motion and Phenomena

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中考物理基础知识（一）:机械运动和声现象

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Basic Knowledge of Physics for High School Entrance Examination: Mechanical Motion and Phenomena of Sound

李宏 湖北省十堰市郧阳中学

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Li Hong Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province

第一章 机械运动-[中考物理基础知识]

Mechanical Motion [Basic Knowledge of Physics for the High School Entrance Exam]

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1．测量长度的常用工具：刻度尺。测量结果要估读到分度值的下一位。

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Common tool for measuring length: ruler. Measurement results should be estimated to the next decimal place of the scale division value.

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2．刻度尺的使用方法：

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Proper usage of a ruler:

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（1）使用前先观察刻度尺的零刻度线、量程和分度值；

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Before use, observe the zero刻度 line, range, and scale division value of the ruler.

（2）测量时刻度尺的刻度线要紧贴被测物体；

During measurement, align the scale line of the ruler closely with the object being measured.

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（3）读数时视线要与尺面垂直。

When reading measurements, keep your line of sight perpendicular to the rulers surface.

3．测量值和真实值之间的差异叫做误差，我们不能消灭误差，但应尽量减小误差。

The difference between a measured value and the true value is called error. We cannot eliminate errors completely, but we should strive to minimize them.

4．减小误差方法：多次测量求平均值、选用精密测量工具、改进测量方法。

Methods to reduce errors: calculate the average of multiple measurements, use precision measuring instruments, and improve measurement techniques.

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5. 误差与错误的区别：误差不是错误，错误不该发生，能够避免，而误差永远存在，不能避免。

Difference between error and mistake: Error is not a mistake. Mistakes should not occur and can be avoided, while errors always exist and cannot be completely avoided.

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6．物理学里把物体位置的变化叫做机械运动。

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In physics, changes in an objects position are called mechanical motion.

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编辑

7．在研究物体的运动时，选作标准的物体叫做参照物。同一个物体是运动还是静止取决于所选的参照物，这就是运动和静止的相对性。

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When studying motion, the selected standard object is called the reference frame. Whether an object is considered moving or stationary depends on the chosen reference frame, illustrating the relativity of motion and rest.

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8．速度的计算公式：1m/s=3.6km/h

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Speed conversion formula: 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h

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第二章 声现象-[中考物理基础知识]

Chapter 2 Phenomena of Sound - [Basic Knowledge of Physics for High School Entrance Examination]

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1． 声是由物体的振动产生的。

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Sound is produced by the vibration of objects.

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2．声的传播需要介质，真空不能传声。

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The propagation of sound requires a medium, and sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

3．声速与介质的种类和介质的温度有关。15℃空气中的声速为340m/s。

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The speed of sound is related to the type and temperature of the medium. The speed of sound in air at 15℃ is 340 m/s.

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4．声音的三个特性是：音调、响度、音色。（音调与物体的振动频率有关；响度与物体的振幅有关；音色与发声体的材料和结构有关。）

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The three characteristics of sound are pitch, loudness and timbre. (Pitch is related to the vibration frequency of an object; loudness is related to the amplitude of an objects vibration; timbre is related to the material and structure of the vibrating body.)

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5．控制噪声的途径：防止噪声的产生、阻断噪声的传播、防止噪声进入人耳。

Approaches to noise control: prevent the generation of noise, block the propagation of noise, and prevent noise from entering the human ear.

6．为了保证休息和睡眠，声音不能超过50dB；为了保证工作和学习，声音不能超过70 dB；为了保护听力，声音不能超过90 dB。

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To ensure rest and sleep, the sound level should not exceed 50 dB; to ensure work and study, the sound level should not exceed 70 dB; to protect hearing, the sound level should not exceed 90 dB.

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7．声的利用：

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Applications of sound:

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（1）传递信息：例如声呐、听诊器、B超、回声定位。

Transmitting information: e.g., sonar, stethoscope, B-ultrasound, echo location.

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（2）传递能量：例如超声波清洗钟表、超声波碎石。

Transmitting energy: e.g., cleaning clocks and watches with ultrasonic waves, ultrasonic lithotripsy.

Explorer of Innovative Thinking

Author: Li Hong

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Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province

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