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很久以来,牡蛎作为当地居民、游客和全球市场喜爱的食物,在沿海地区的经济中扮演着重要的角色。同时,大量牡蛎聚集生长所形成的生物性结构称为牡蛎礁,是一种重要的海岸带栖息地,能够带来多重生态效益。然而,过去的一百年里,在全球范围内,因过度捕捞、水体污染、海岸带开发和病害等原因,牡蛎礁栖息地,已退化消失了85%(Beck et al., 2011)。
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在有些地方,牡蛎礁能够起到防波堤的作用,作为天然屏障抵御海浪冲击和海平面上升带来的影响——尤其是在气候持续变化的情况下。© Jerod Foster
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o8 O4 s# B; o% b' t牡蛎通过滤食活动可以减少水体中的悬浮微粒和多余营养物,提高水体清澈度;除了净化水体外,牡蛎礁的三维结构不仅能够为众多的海洋生物提供栖身之所、增殖渔业资源;当飓风、台风等灾害袭来时,它还能够有效减轻海浪对于海岸带的冲击,减少岸线侵蚀。而牡蛎礁栖息地的保护和修复是个长期的系统性工程,需要充分调动各方力量,从政策、科研、资金和社会参与等方面积极行动。
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( Y9 f0 ?, n8 f/ W7 y" C; v为扭转牡蛎礁的退化趋势,全球多个地区的海洋保护工作者、科研人员和多方社会力量开展了大量的修复研究与实践行动。大自然保护协会(TNC)作为其中一员,在牡蛎礁保护和修复领域进行了20多年的工作。目前,TNC正与合作伙伴在北美、欧洲及亚太地区(包括中国)修复牡蛎礁,恢复它所带来的生态、社会与经济效益。从小规模的修复研究与实践、到海湾河口的大规模修复规划与实施,都取得了良好的修复成效。目前,TNC在全球参与实施的牡蛎礁修复项目已有200多个。% U% W9 m: u& y* L. ~& W1 g( \& j
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. C$ L$ H8 R1 u# b! y6 P( P! bConsider The Oyster by Bill Rodney音频:00:0004:04! J5 D, j2 ]+ V }0 ^
《关心关心牡蛎吧》是为了赞美牡蛎守护海洋健康而作的歌曲,歌中唱到牡蛎在净化水体、形成栖息地和抵御风暴的厉害之处,并指出:“它们可不只是顿饭这么简单”。# n1 x: a7 p8 O# |7 X: X- u
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1 F8 M! k& ` c7 M/ G. nMUSIC AND LYRICS BY BILL RODNEY WITH YANIV BRENNER ON PIANO AND ORGAN
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Consider the humble oyster living on the muddy bottom of the bay! }- A; e9 k# M* f* W7 G# X
Why it’s just a rock that’s filled with snot, I heard somebody say
% w# v2 I$ r+ {' YBut did you know that just one oyster can filter 50 gallons of water in one day?7 E: J' X \0 ?7 U
Now imagine 10 million oysters on a reef, whoa that blows my mind away
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When oysters filter water you know, they strain the small stuff out4 y; W- L2 @7 A" _/ ?) \$ P! b2 E
Nutritious, delicious phytoplankton baby, that’s what it's all about: O; h' {, h2 v9 l4 g
But of all the stuff they filter, only some is gonna make it to their mouth% j9 j2 g5 B3 C* l4 X/ V/ u: O
The rest gets wrapped in a mucous ball and pseudo-spitted out
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Oysters – they’re filtering machines
. H6 a+ h0 l1 B1 u" ~Oysters – they'll keep the water clean# R% Z( w `$ o% y& E
Oysters – they’re habitat producers" F' c0 v9 u4 _/ S0 ^
Oysters – wave energy reducers
. v+ W0 c. Y2 K8 D- QOysters, oysters, oysters…they’re not just for breakfast anymore, d: N/ r9 h' g: g2 i {. { d% a# `
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" I0 C h6 S. t' X0 v* YAnd another thing about oysters, they build these gnarly reefs! O: k2 `" e' g! o; z+ C @ X
That are home to crabs and shrimps and things, that Mr. Redfish likes to eat0 \, `5 m, Z: _# f
Yeah that’s his destination when he's looking to obtain a tasty treat: a1 u$ ~4 `4 Y; M4 M8 i
And that stimulates production in the fishes, yeah I think that’s pretty neat7 D( P+ P+ ~+ y- X3 R9 @1 @+ ]
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When oysters build their gnarly reefs in skinny waters near the marshy shore
+ Y' U& }% k6 E; I2 PThis creates an opportunity for the oyster to contribute even more# t! _0 l+ S: e: _+ z3 y
They attenuate wave energy when the winds blow hard and make the white caps roar/ Y& B2 p, B6 ^: D4 J/ z
The rugose reefs reduce erosive forces, yeah baby that’s a score
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& k; ]) \! P) VOysters – they’re filtering machines8 x+ [6 Y! g/ @
Oysters – help keep the water clean
0 Y& \7 t% A, r* VOysters – they’re habitat producers; @. D$ C* d- b. ^4 l$ c9 M, S
Oysters – wave energy reducers
$ X9 a {7 G2 ZOysters, oysters, oysters…the best come from Texas, don’t’ mess with the rest cause, they’re not just for breakfast anymore
' M8 p4 a2 f+ s8 A- m/ T" u牡蛎礁,这一种令人惊叹的栖息地,不仅在海岸带生态系统中发挥着不可或缺的支撑作用,同时也可以作为基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,NbS),例如配合海堤等灰色基础设施构成生态岸线,抵御风暴灾害的同时也为社区居民亲近自然、了解海洋提供重要渠道。我们相信,未来在大家的共同努力下,牡蛎礁将重新生机勃勃!+ o( c9 M. v! D6 H
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世界海洋日
8 K k0 [& {7 s海洋覆盖了地球70%以上的面积。海洋是我们的生命之源,人类以及地球上其他所有生命都依赖于海洋。海洋产生了地球上至少50%的氧气,是地球上大多数生物多样性的家园,全球超过10亿人口摄入的蛋白质也主要来源于海洋。然而,我们的海洋正处于危机之中,受到海洋垃圾、过度捕捞、气候变化等因素的威胁。2022年世界海洋日的全球主题是“振兴海洋 集体行动”(Revitalization: Collective Action for the Ocean)。我们需要为子孙后代保护好美妙的海洋资源。7 `4 A7 Q6 B0 V2 h: O& V0 g
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